What is a Public Utility?
公共事业是向广大公众提供日常必需品(如电力和天然气)的资本密集型企业。. 公用事业提供对社会公共福利至关重要的服务,其价格和服务质量标准由政府严格监管.
为社会提供重要服务的企业是“受公共利益影响”的企业(因此有了“公共事业”这个术语)。
The term “public utility” does not imply “publicly-owned”; indeed, 大部分电力由私人(投资者所有)公用事业公司销售.
Typically, 该公用事业公司被授予为特定服务区域提供服务的独家权利,因为只有一家企业提供服务的成本较低. 生产和交付电力等产品所需的基础设施的建设和维护费用非常昂贵.
这种垄断地位的一个后果是政府对公用事业的服务行为进行相应的高度管制, investments and prices. 公用事业公司有义务在其授权的服务区域内为客户服务.
America’s utilities, including Indiana Energy Association’s members, work diligently to provide the safe, 我们依靠lol比赛押注平台和廉价的能源提供电力和能源解决方案,支持我们的生活和经济.
Brief History of Public Utilities in the U.S.
受监管的能源公用事业垄断企业自20世纪初就存在了. Before regulation, competition existed, 但由于提供服务需要大量投资,导致了自然垄断的发展.
The role of utility regulation is:
- To act as a substitute for competition;
- To look out for the broad public interest;
- To balance the interests of the utility against that of the utility’s customers; and
- 确保公正合理的公用费用和安全、lol比赛押注平台和充足的公用服务.
1935年,联邦电力委员会重组为1977年的联邦能源管理委员会(FERC). FERC regulates:
- interstate transmission of electricity, oil and natural gas;
- wholesale sales of electricity and oil;
- hydroelectric projects;
- interstate natural gas pipelines;
- natural gas storage facilities; and
- liquefied natural gas terminals.
In 1985, FERC第436号命令要求天然气管道提供开放的运输服务. Furthermore, 1992年的联邦能源政策法案为电力的大规模竞争打开了大门. EPAct授权FERC要求电力公司为批发市场的其他参与者提供传输接入. FERC在1996年4月颁布的第888号命令中实施了这一准入要求.
Traditional Public Utility Regulation
Indiana is a traditional utility regulation state. What does that mean? Under traditional utility regulation, 州法律允许能源公用事业公司垄断,并提供监管监督. 公用事业有了这个专属的服务领域,就有了服务的义务. In other words, 公用事业必须满足其服务范围内的所有服务请求,并提供价格, terms, and conditions of service set by the regulatory agency. 在印第安纳州,监管机构被称为印第安纳公用事业监管委员会(IURC).
在印第安纳州,和其他传统公用事业监管州一样,公用事业是:
- Entitled to recover prudently incurred costs; and
- Earn a fair return on its investments, hence the name for traditional utility regulation, “rate of return regulation.”
State public service commissions, such as the IURC, 在他们的州内,有公共事业部门对零售销售的权力吗. 如上所述,FERC有权管理州际能源交易.
When a regulated public utility in Indiana seeks a rate increase, it files an application with the IURC, typically called a rate case. 一个费率案件需要几个月的时间来完成,并需要IURC工作人员和其他利益相关方进行彻底的分析, discovery, audits, written testimony, hearings, legal briefs, an IURC decision, 以及可能的复议请求或向印第安纳州上诉法院上诉.
设定公用事业费是一个复杂的过程,涉及许多步骤:
- Establishment of the revenue requirement. 收入是指公用事业每年所需的总收入,用以收回向客户提供公用事业服务的成本,包括其投资的公平回报. 美国最高法院(SCOTUS)有三个关键的案件可以解决其投资效用的公平回报和收入要求:
- Smyth v. Ames (1898):美国最高法院宣布,一个合理的费率是指,根据提供服务所用财产的公允价值,为公用事业提供公平的回报.
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- 布鲁菲尔德水务公司诉西弗吉尼亚州公共服务委员会案 (1923年):美国最高法院规定,公用事业公司有权从其提供服务的财产价值中获得回报,这一回报一般与具有同等风险的企业所获得的回报相等.
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- Federal Power Commission v Hope Natural Gas Company (1944):苏格兰最高法院规定,公用事业的收入应足以支付经营费用和资本成本的业务,回报股权所有者与投资回报相称的其他业务具有可比风险.
- Determination of the revenue requirement for each customer class. 公用事业总收益要求的一部分,必须从每个不同的客户阶层(住宅)收回, commercial, or industrial). This process requires a detailed class cost of service study.
- Prices, or rates, must be established for each customer class. 客户类别可以分为多个费率表,每个费率表都有自己的费率, terms and conditions (i.e., rate design). 通常,对于每个费率表的几个不同的费率元素,使用单独的价格. Rate elements may include:
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- Monthly customer or basic charge;
- Per-unit energy price;
- Per-unit demand charge; and
- Minimum bill
Rate of Return Regulation Formula
Under traditional rate of return regulation, the revenue requirement can be expressed by the following formula:
Expenses (those related to providing utility service)
+ Return on rate base (rate of return on rate base)
Revenue Requirement
Rate of return:公用事业的资本成本(包括股本回报率,或公用事业的利润)
Rate base: investments related to providing service
Revenue Requirement Calculation Example | ||
A | Total Expenses ($) | $1,278,500,000 |
B | Total Rate Base ($) | $1,763,432,000 |
C | Cost of Capital | 7.65% |
D | Return ($) on Rate Base (C x B) | $134,903,000 |
E | Revenue Requirement ($) (A + D) | $1,413,403,000 |
上面的收入需求公式包括公用事业公司向其客户提供公用事业服务的总成本.